Wireless switches using human body as a conductor

ABSTRACT

Arrangement for controlling a component having multiple states includes a device that generates a signal at a frequency that enables it to be conducted through a human body, and a conductive surface coupled to the device, situated in a position accessible by a part of the human, and which enables proximity or contact of the part of the human to the conductive surface to develop a reactive coupling between the human and the conductive surface. The component has multiple, different states and is controlled by the human to change from a first state to a second state upon completion of an electrical circuit including the component, the conductive surface and the device upon developing reactive coupling between the human and the conductive surface when the device is generating the signal conducted through the human. The component may be a vehicular component such as a door or window.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of International Application No.PCT/US2015/059884 filed Nov. 10, 2015 which claims priority of U.S.provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/079,685 filed Nov. 14, 2014,and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/932,083 filed Nov. 4, 2015, nowU.S. Pat. No. 9,475,438, all of which are incorporated by referenceherein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to systems and methods that usethe human body as a means for wirelessly transferring energy to providepower to operate an electronic device such as an RFID. In particular,the present invention relates to systems and methods for controllingvehicular components using wireless switch assemblies powered bytransmitting energy through a human body.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a vehicle, wires and connectors are the biggest source of warrantyrepairs. During the manufacture of a vehicle, the wire harness cost is asignificant portion of the total manufacturing cost. Many, if not most,of these wires and connectors are associated with switches. Wirelessswitches based on RFID technology have been proposed by the inventor ofthis invention in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,103,460. Such RFIDtechnology suffers from the limited range of passive RFID devicesrequiring interrogator antennas to be close to the switch, or expensiveinterrogators to be used. This complicates the system and removes manyof the advantages of the wireless technology. RFID interrogators havenow been developed with a range of up to 20 feet; however, they areexpensive. What is needed therefore is a method of providing energy topassive RFID devices which can be used as switches. The inventiondisclosed herein uses a transmitter located in the vehicle seat toprovide the energy to power various RFID switches with that energy beingtransmitted through the body of the vehicle occupant.

Technical papers and other published documents that are particularlyrelevant to the inventions described herein include:

1. J. Smith, T. White, C. Dodge, J. Paradiso, N. Gershenfeld, D. Allport“Electric Field Sensing for Graphical Interfaces”. 1998, IEEE Comput.Graph. Appl.

2. “Location Privacy And Wireless Body Area Networks”, The Physics asXivBlog, MIT Technology Review, Mar. 23, 2011.

3. J. A. Paradiso, N. Gershenfeld, “Musical Applications of ElectricField Sensing”, Computer Music Journal 1997.

4. Kate Greene, “Talking to the Wall”, MIT Technology Review May 3,2011.

U.S. patents that are particularly relevant to inventions describedherein include the following in addition to those referenced in thetext:

5. U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,973, entitled “Occupant detecting apparatus”;

6. U.S. Pat. No. 6,816,077, entitled “Multiple sensor vehicle occupantdetection”; and

7. U.S. Pat. No. 6,960,841, entitled “Passenger detection system anddetection method”.

Possible definitions of terms used in the application are set forth inU.S. Pat. Nos. 7,663,502 and 7,889,096, both of which are incorporatedby reference herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of this invention includes a vehicle including a seat onwhich an occupant sits during use of the vehicle, and a system for usingthe occupant in the seat to convey or otherwise provide energy emanatingfrom an antenna in the seat to operate an electrical circuit and therebyadjust, change or vary the state, condition and/or operation of avehicular component. The system includes at least one electric fieldantenna emitting radio frequency radiation from the seat as a signalwhich passes through or is conducted by the body of the occupant toprovide energy to operate the desired electrical circuit when aconductive surface forming part of the electrical circuit is touched orapproached by the occupant. The occupant's finger initiates a capacitivecoupling with the conductive surface either through touch or contacttherewith, or by being within a threshold distance to enable capacitanceto develop between the finger and the conductive surface. In the formersituation, the conductive surface may be exposed to contact with theoccupant's finger and in the latter situation, the conductive surfacemay be covered by an insulating material that is exposed.

Each vehicle seat contains a set of antennas, each set including atleast one antenna. The antennas are electrically attached to control anddriving circuitry which causes the antenna set to emit waves at one ormore radio frequencies directed as a signal toward the occupant's body,which in turn, transmits the RF waves as a signal throughout the bodyand into the occupant's fingers. When the occupant desires to activate avehicle component, such as to open a window for example, he or she movestheir finger close to and possibly in contact with the conductivesurface of an electronic or electrical circuit, such as an RFID deviceor transponder, and the occupant's finger completes the circuit andthereby provides power in the form of the RF signal which is rectifiedto operate the RFID device. The RFID device can then emit a wirelesssignal carrying its unique identification message. A receiver located ata convenient location in the vehicle receives the RFID-emitted wirelesssignal and causes the vehicle component to perform the desired function,such as opening the window.

This invention can be used to eliminate all wires to switches in thevehicle thereby eliminating much of the vehicle wiring and reducing thecost and weight of the vehicle and increasing its reliability. Since allelectrically activated components in the vehicle require electricity tooperate, the command to open a window, for example, can be transmittedfrom the controller either through a vehicle bus, wirelessly or via theelectrical power line or in any other convenient manner.

A method for enabling an occupant of a vehicle to control a component inthe vehicle in accordance with the invention includes directing at leastone antenna in a first set of at least one electric field antennaarranged in a seat on which the occupant sits to transmit an oscillatingelectric field as a signal at a frequency that enables the electricfield to be conducted through a body of the occupant when sitting on theseat. When the antenna is generating the oscillating electric fieldconducted as a signal through the occupant, a capacitive coupling candevelop between the occupant and a conductive surface in a positionaccessible by a finger of the occupant when the finger of the occupantis proximate or in contact with the conductive surface. The capacitivecoupling completes an electrical circuit coupled to the component, andthe component is adjusted based on completion of the electrical circuitby the finger of the occupant. Adjustment may entail varying or changingthe state, condition and/or operation of the component. This may bebased on the conductive surface approached or contacted by theoccupant's finger.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings are illustrative of embodiments of the systemdeveloped or adapted using the teachings of at least one of theinventions disclosed herein and are not meant to limit the scope of theinvention as encompassed by the claims.

FIG. 1 is a side view with parts cutaway and removed of a vehicleshowing a passenger compartment containing a driver sitting on a vehicleseat which contains a plurality of electric field antennas in accordancewith a first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates the use of a single pair of antennas.

FIG. 3 is a block circuit diagram of the electric field sensing systemof FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view with parts cutaway and removed of a vehicleshowing a passenger compartment containing an electric field powertransmission system on both the driver and passenger seats in accordancewith a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic showing the operation of the system where anoccupant transmits power in the form of a signal to operate atransponder.

FIG. 6 is a view of the front of a passenger compartment of a vehicleshowing wireless switches and a touch pad mounted on the steering wheeland various dashboard-mounted wireless switches.

FIG. 7 illustrates a wireless mouse mounted on the steering wheel.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show other interior surfaces where touch pads can beplaced such as on the armrest (FIG. 8) or projecting out of theinstrument panel (FIG. 9).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All patents or literature referred to anywhere in this specification areincorporated by reference in their entirety. Also, although many of theexamples below relate to a particular vehicle, an automobile, theinvention is not limited to any particular vehicle and is thusapplicable to all relevant vehicles including all compartments of avehicle including, for example, the passenger or other compartment of anautomobile, truck, farm tractor, construction machine, train, airplaneand boat.

“Or” and “and” as used in the specification and claims shall be read inthe conjunctive and in the disjunctive wherever they appear as necessaryto make the text inclusive rather than exclusive, and neither of thesewords shall be interpreted to limit the scope of the text.

An electric field monitoring system is a particularly useful techniquefor wireless switches especially since it is now in production as anoccupant presence and position sensor by Honda Elesys and others. Anadaptation of the Honda Elesys system can be used, as illustrated belowand in U.S. Pat. No. 8,725,311 to allow the use of wireless switches.

Referring now to the accompanying drawings, FIG. 1 is a side view, withparts cutaway and removed of a vehicle 16 showing a passengercompartment 18, or passenger container, containing a driver 2 operatingthe vehicle 16 and sitting in a seat 20. Embedded in the seat 20 or aspart of the seat cover material are two sets of electric field antennas4 and 6. The manner in which each set of electric field antennas 4, 6can be embedded in the seat 20 may be by placing the electric fieldantennas 4, 6, in the cushion material of the seat 20. To make theelectric field antennas 4, 6 of the sets thereof part of the seat covermaterial, electrically conductive material may be woven into thematerial of the seat cover or arranged on the material of the seatcover. Other alternatives include placing a conductive mat in the seat20 just below the seat cover material or, in some cases, using the seatheating wires as an antenna. There are thus many ways that an area of aseat 20 can be made conductive and to function as an antenna. The designof a particular antenna depends on the wavelength of the signal beingemitted and is well understood in the art.

Each set of electric field antennas 4, 6 can have any appropriate numberof individual antennas such as from 1 to about 20. Antenna set 4 isillustrated with 7 antennas and antenna set 6 with 5 antennas. FIG. 2illustrates an embodiment where a single antenna 12 is placed in theseat bottom portion 30 and a second, single antenna 14 is placed in theseat back portion 32. The seat bottom portion 30 is that portion of theseat 20 on which the driver 2, or other occupant, sits while the seatback portion 32 is that portion of the seat 20 against which the seatoccupant's back rests.

An embodiment is possible wherein there is only a single set of antennas(one or more antennas in this set) in the seat bottom portion 30 or theseat back portion 32. Thus, an antenna in the seat bottom portion 30 cansuffice to enable the invention to function and convey an oscillatingelectric field as a signal through the driver 2 (although FIG. 1 showsthe system for a driver 2, the system is equally applicable for anyoccupants in the vehicle, including passengers, and hereinafterreference to a driver does not limit the use of the invention to theperson operating the vehicle).

Each of the antennas 4,6 is connected to an electronic control unit(ECU) 9 which includes the oscillating electric field generatingcircuits (see FIG. 1). ECU 9 includes software and hardware known tothose skilled in the art, such as a processor unit and signal processingcircuitry and software embodied on non-transitory computer-readablemedia to implement the functions described herein. As used herein, a“control unit” will generally mean any component or combination ofcomponents that is capable of processing input data and/or signals foran identified purpose, and generating from the data and/or signalprocessing, commands or signals to be directed to over one or more otherelectronic components to be controlled. A control unit in accordancewith the invention may have other functions, e.g., to generate signalsto be transmitted via a communications system. Also, as used herein, an“antenna” may be considered any conductive surface that is positionedclose to the occupant of the seat 20. Such a conductive surface could bethe source from which an electric field is transmitted or conveyed tothe occupant. An antenna does not have to have any particular geometry,although it would operate in a preferred manner if it were “tuned” tothe wavelength that is being transmitted.

A representative circuit block diagram of the ECU 9 is illustratedgenerally at 40 in FIG. 3 for the sets of antennas illustrated inFIG. 1. One skilled in the art would understand how to implement thiscircuit block diagram in a commercial electronic package.

In the circuit block diagram 40, an oscillator 21 operating in afrequency range of, for example, about 30 kHz to 100 kHz or from about30 KHz to about 10 MHz is attached to a resistor component 22, a pair ofselection switches 23 and 24 each on a respective side of the antennas,a voltage buffer 25 connected to selection switch 24, a detector 26receiving output from voltage buffer 25, an A/D converter 27 forconverting analog data from detector 26 to digital signals, and aprocessor 28 connected to the A/D converter 27 for processing thedigital signals therefrom. Processor 28 controls the selection switches23, 24. The antennas in the seatback or seat back portion 32 (antennaset 4) are labeled 4-1 through 4-7 and the antennas in the seat bottomor seat bottom portion 30 (antenna set 6) are labeled 5-1 through 5-5.Not all antennas are individually labeled in FIG. 3, e.g., antenna 10.

One function of the selection switches 23, 24 or selectors is to choosethat combination of sending and receiving antennas based on themorphology of the occupant (driver 2) to provide the best couplingbetween the generated RF signals and the body of the occupant (driver2). By control of the selection switches 23, 24 by processor 28, it ispossible to select a specific one or multiple ones of the antennas inone set or both sets to generate RF waves or signals.

Instead of selection switches 23, 24, any type of selection device orselection means that performs the same function as selection switches23, 24 may be used in the invention and for some implementations suchselector switches may not be required. The morphology of the occupant(driver 2) can affect the current to the antenna sets 4, 6. Bymonitoring such current, the presence of a body near the antenna can bedetermined and the power to a particular antenna can be turned off if abody is not adjacent to the antenna. Additionally, the power to all ofthe antennas can be turned off if the seat 20 is unoccupied.

An excellent background for the functioning of electric field occupantsensors is provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,684,973 and 6,960,841 as well asothers assigned to Elesys and Honda covering electric field occupantsensing and others assigned to Automotive Technologies International,Inc., (ATI) and to American Vehicular Sciences LLC (AVS) mentionedherein. Whereas Elesys, ATI and AVS primarily use this technology foridentifying the occupancy of the passenger seat for the purposes ofairbag suppression or depowered deployment, the purpose here is to usethe technology in an altogether different manner to transfer power tooperate wireless switches.

In current airbag systems, the driver often does not need to beclassified for the purpose of airbag suppression so there is no need toinstall an electric field occupant monitor in the driver's seat. It istypically assumed that the driver has the characteristics of an adultand that the airbag does not need to be suppressed unless the driver'sseat is positioned far forward indicating that the driver is a smalladult (a position-based determination of airbag suppression or control).This can be determined by a seat track sensor. Thus, previously,electric field sensors have not been installed in the driver seat fordriver monitoring. Of course, if they are installed for poweringwireless switches as in the invention, they can also be used foroccupant out-of-position sensing at little, if any, additional cost.

A perspective view with parts cutaway and removed of a vehicle 50showing a passenger compartment 52 containing electric field occupantsensing systems associated with both driver and passenger seats 61, 62,respectively, is illustrated in FIG. 4. Although the systems are shownto be the same on the driver and passenger seats 61, 62, in fact, theirprimary function and mode of operation may be different and this maydictate a different antenna arrangement for the seats 61, 62. Antennasets or groups 65 and 66 associated with the passenger seat 62 canprimarily be occupant classification sensors for the purpose ofdetermining, for example, whether there is a child or a rear-facingchild seat present or if the seat is unoccupied, in which case, theairbag(s) for protecting the passenger seat occupant in the event of acrash involving the vehicle 50 will be suppressed or perhaps depowered.Antenna groups 65, 66 may be integrated into the passenger seat 62 inthe same manner as antennas of the antenna sets 4, 6 are integrated intothe seat 20 (described above).

The electric field system associated with the driver seat 61 may be thesame as that of the passenger seat 62, but the primary function can beto monitor the heartbeat and respiration rate to determine whether thedriver occupying seat 61 is falling asleep, having a heart attack and/oris otherwise unable to operate the vehicle 50, as disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 8,725,311. Processor 28, of the circuit block diagrams of the ECUs67, 68 of the driver seat and passenger seat 61, 62, respectively, maybe the same as or include the same circuit as circuit block diagram 40shown in FIG. 3, and can execute different routines for the differentuses of the antenna systems or groups 63-66. In both cases, theoscillating electric fields created by the antennas 63-66 can be used,as disclosed herein, as a part of a wireless switch system.

In FIG. 4, the passenger seat 62 has electric field antenna sets orgroups 65 and 66 and the driver seat 61 has electric field antenna setsor groups 63 and 64. Antenna groups 63, 64 may be integrated into thedriver seat 61 in the same manner as antennas of the antenna sets 4, 6are integrated into the seat. Each seat 61, 62 can have its own ECUlabeled 67 in or on the driver seat 61 and labeled 68 in or on thepassenger seat 62. A single ECU could service both seats 61, 62 and theECU(s) need not be located in the seats 61, 62. ECU's 67, 68 may bearranged on the respective seat 61, 62, in the respective seat 61, 62 oreven separated from the seat 61, 62, in all cases, coupled through wiresto the respective antenna groups. Passenger seat 62 may be in the rowbehind the driver seat 61.

In U.S. Pat. No. 8,725,311, FIGS. 6A-6C and the correspondingdescription illustrate and explain the principles of operation of asingle electric field monitoring element in the presence of a bodyelement and a modified body element, which principles may be used in anyof the embodiments of the invention herein and are incorporated hereinby reference.

In a similar manner, FIGS. 7A-7C of the '311 patent and thecorresponding description illustrate and explain the principles ofoperation of a pair of interacting electric field monitoring elements inthe presence of a body element and a modified body element and can beused to determine which antennas should be used.

As discussed in various U.S. patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,326,704,7,079,450, 7,889,096, 7,760,080, 7,089,099, 7,880,594, 7,786,864,7,920,102, 7,467,034, 8,068,942 and 8,032,264, wires and connectors arenot only expensive components to make and install in a vehicle, they arealso the largest source of warranty repairs. Thus, there is a dire needto eliminate wires and connectors wherever possible. Much of this can beaccomplished through use of electric field systems such as the HondaElesys electric field occupant sensor discussed elsewhere herein. Thisinvention can be implemented in many ways, only one of which will bediscussed here. See U.S. Pat. No. 8,725,311 for an alternateimplementation.

If a vehicle-wide power door lock switch normally present in thedriver's door, for example, is replaced by an active RFID switchdefining a conductive surface that the driver will interact with, thenthe power required to cause the RFID switch to be active can be providedfrom the seat antennas in the driver's seat through the occupant's bodyto his or her finger and to the RFID switch when the input terminal(conductive surface) of the RFID switch interacts with the occupant.Interaction between the conductive surface defined by the RFID may becontact of the occupant's finger with the conductive surface which maybe exposed so that touch of the occupant's finger with the exposedconductive surface powers the RFID switch.

Alternatively, the conductive surface of the RFID switch may not beexposed but rather may be situated just below another exposed, coveringor overlying material or substrate, e.g., an insulating surface formedby a material that itself is exposed and subject to contact by theoccupant's finger. In this embodiment, the occupant's finger thus doesnot come into contact with or touch the conductive surface. Rather,there is a capacitive coupling between the occupant's finger and theconductive surface, which is possible when the distance between theoccupant's finger and the conductive surface is in the order of about0.1 inch. Generally then, there will be “capacitive interaction” betweenthe occupant's finger and the conductive surface which may be eithertouch or contact between them or coupling over a small distance thatenables capacitive coupling. A capacitive touchpad may thus be includedin the RFID switch to facilitate its activation by the occupant.

The RFID switch can then transmit its ID, which is unique to each RFID,to an interrogator indicating that the occupant desires to lock orunlock all of the vehicle doors and the interrogator can cause thatfunction to be performed. The RFID can begin transmitting the ID signalas soon as sufficient power is available from the capacitive interactionor, alternatively, a physical switch can be interposed to connect thepower from the occupant's finger to the RFID thus providing the normalhaptic response to the occupant that a switch is being depressed(actuated). One skilled in the art can now find or develop many otherRFID switch and mechanical or circuit designs that would allow thenormal switch function to be performed. The input terminal of the RFIDswitch can be any conductive pathway connecting the occupant's finger tothe RFID circuitry. The duration of the transmission of the RFID signal,i.e., the duration of the capacitive interaction between the occupant'sfinger and the conductive surface or input terminal, can also be usedwhen a variable effect is desired such as the partial opening or closingof a window.

FIG. 5 is a schematic showing operation of the system where an occupanttransmits power in the form of a signal to operate a transponder, showngenerally at 100. This schematic may incorporate an RFID switch asdescribed above. Specifically, an RF source 102 is capacitively coupledto an occupant 106 as illustrated by capacitor 104. The RF source 102may be the antennas in the seat as disclosed above. The RF source 102also may influence a transponder receiver 112; however, this is unlikelydue to a significant difference in frequency.

When the occupant 106 touches a transponder 110 again or capacitiveinteraction develops between the occupant 106 and the transponder 110,while the ECU associated with the antennas is causing one or more of theantennas to direct an oscillating electric field as a signal at afrequency that enables the electric field to be conducted through theoccupant (shown in FIG. 1), there is a capacitive coupling throughcapacitor 108 to the transponder 110, and the transponder 110 sends awireless message to the transponder receiver 112 when a conductivesurface of the transponder 110 is touched or capacitive interactiondevelops between the occupant 106 and the transponder 110. Thetransponder 110 can be in the form of an RFID device or switch. The sendcycle is depicted at 114 and the receive cycle at 116. All devices inthe system may share a common ground 120.

In FIG. 5, the occupant 106 and the transponder 110, which may be anRFID tag, are shown with a common ground. Alternatively, the occupant106 and transponder 110 may be only loosely connected to ground througha capacitive coupling, in which case, there is no wire from the occupant106 or from the transponder 110 (RFID tag) to a common ground.

In this embodiment, the electrical circuit completed by the occupantincludes the transponder 110 which may be placed in a position so thatthe conductive surface defined thereby can be contacted by the occupant106 or more generally, capacitive interaction develops between theoccupant 106 and the transponder 110. The transponder 110 is configuredto send a wireless message when capacitive interaction is initiated bythe occupant 106, which is represented by the capacitive coupling(provided by capacitor 108) between the occupant 106 and the transponder110, when at least one of the antennas (of RF source 102) transmits anoscillating electric field conducted through the occupant 106. Theelectrical circuit also includes the transponder receiver 112 that isconfigured to receive the wireless message sent by the transponder 110upon initiation of capacitive interaction by the occupant 106 when atleast one of the antennas transmits an oscillating electric fieldconducted through the occupant 106.

FIG. 6 is a view of the front of the passenger compartment of anautomobile showing wireless switches and a touch pad mounted on thesteering wheel and various dashboard mounted wireless switches showngenerally at 200. Several steering wheel-mounted sensors 204 and asteering wheel-mounted touchpad 210 are illustrated mounted on asteering wheel 202. Sensors 204 and touchpad 210 may each be part of anelectrical circuit and define a conductive surface to be contacted bythe occupant to effect control of a vehicular component, and thusconstitute switches in accordance with the invention (as shown in FIG.5).

By making all of these switches wireless, and if the airbag ECUcommunicates with steering wheel-mounted airbags 206, a clock springconnector between the steering wheel and the steering column throughwhich switch and airbag information currently passes can be eliminated.For the airbag, it would be required to have energy sufficient to deploythe airbag stored in a capacitor on the steering wheel 202. Energy wouldstill be required to charge this capacitor, but this could also be donewirelessly through an inductive power transfer between the steeringcolumn and the steering wheel 202. A bank of four switches is alsoillustrated at 208 showing that wireless switches can also be used onthe instrument panel. FIG. 7 illustrates a wireless mouse 210 mounted onthe steering wheel.

The interior of a passenger vehicle is shown generally at 300 in FIGS. 8and 9, along with alternate positions for touch pads, in this case forthe convenience of the passenger. Each touchpad may be part of anelectrical circuit and define a conductive surface to be initiated bycapacitive interaction by the occupant to effect control of a vehicularcomponent.

One touch pad 302 is shown mounted on an armrest within easy reach ofthe right hand of the passenger (FIG. 8). A second touch pad 304projects out from an instrument panel 306. When not in use, thisassembly can be stowed in the instrument panel 306 out of sight. Whenthe passenger intends on using the touch pad 304, he or she will pullthe assembly, including the touch pad 304, by handle 308 bringing thetouch pad 304 toward him or her. For prolonged use of the touch pad 304,the passenger can remove the touch pad 304 from the cradle and even stowthe cradle back into the instrument panel 306. Touch pad 304 can then beoperated from the lap of the passenger. In this case, the communicationof the touch pad 304 to the vehicle is done by either infrared or radiofrequency transmission or by some other convenient wireless method orwith wires. The touchpads 302, 304 in FIGS. 8 and 9 can derive theirpower in the same manner as the switches described above. The finger ofthe occupant carries power from the antenna in the seat to the touchpad302 or 304. Commands provided on the touchpads 302 and 304 can betransmitted wirelessly to the vehicle in the same manner as describedabove. A bank of switches 310 can also be mounted in the armrest orelsewhere for wirelessly controlling vehicle complements such as thewindows, door locks etc.

A general discussion of electromagnetic occupant sensors appears inother of the patents and patent applications mentioned above having acommon inventor and is not repeated here. Such patent publicationsdiscuss the interaction between electric fields and vehicle occupantsprimarily of the purpose of occupant sensing. This is a different use ofelectric fields than contemplated here but nevertheless providesrelative background information.

A detailed discussion of the use of the human body as a means fortransferring electrical energy as a signal in the range of about 30 kHzto about 100 kHz is discussed in papers referenced above and inparticular reference 1, and therefore is not repeated here.

Among the inventions disclosed above is a vehicle including a system forusing the body of an occupant to convey (transmit) power from one ormore closely coupled antennas to an electronic or electrical circuitwhich can thereafter wirelessly transmit to an interrogator, informationrelated to the function desired by the occupant. This information may beconverted into action relating to a vehicular component. The vehicle inaccordance with the invention includes a frame, one or more electricfield transmitting antennas and an electrical or electronic circuitwhich when interaction with a conductive surface of a component in thiscircuit is initiated by the occupant, responds by, for example,transmitting a wireless signal to an interrogator which in turn causesthe desired vehicular component control.

A primary method disclosed above involves expanding in what isconsidered to be an unobvious manner, use of electric field (EF) sensorssuch as being marketed by Honda Elesys for detection and classificationof passenger occupants in a vehicle for the purpose of airbagsuppression. In the '311 patent referenced above, the measurement ofheart and respiration rates and their variability and anomalies, othernon-obvious uses have been disclosed, such as for communication to avehicle system using gestures and the elimination of wires associatedwith vehicle switches. These make use of several properties of electricfields including operation in the loading, transmitting and shuntingmodes. (Musical Applications of Electric Field Sensing, April, 1996).The present invention extends the above-referenced applications to theuse of the human body to convey (transmit) power to provide the energyneeded to operate an electrical circuit capable of, for example,emitting a wireless signal when such power is provided.

Methods described herein can be combined with those provided in the '311patent for using the heartbeat and respiration rates for determiningdrowsiness and which, in turn, can be combined with each other as wellas with other methods, disclosed herein or elsewhere, or otherwise knownor applied in the field to which this invention pertains. Although aprimary application of the technology disclosed above is for automotivewireless switches, other applications are to apply the technology toairplane pilot and train conductors (or more generally vehicularoperators) and other passengers in automobiles and planes (or moregenerally vehicular occupants) to enable wireless switching.

Although several preferred embodiments are illustrated and describedabove, there are possible combinations using other geometries, sensors,materials and different dimensions for the components that perform thesame functions. At least one of the inventions disclosed herein is notlimited to the above embodiments and should be determined by thefollowing claims. There are also numerous additional applications inaddition to those described above. Many changes, modifications,variations and other uses and applications of the subject inventionwill, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art afterconsidering this specification and the accompanying drawings whichdisclose the preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes,modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do notdepart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to becovered by the invention which is limited only by the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A control arrangement, comprising: a devicethat generates a signal at a frequency that enables the signal to beconducted through a body of a human; a first switch comprising: aconductive surface situated in a position accessible by a part of thehuman, said conductive surface being configured to enable proximity orcontact of the part of the human to said conductive surface to develop areactive coupling between the human and said conductive surface whilesaid device is generating the signal, and a radio frequencyidentification device (RFID) that receives power only when the part ofthe human is in proximity to or in contact with said conductive surfacewhile said device is generating the signal, and said RFID generating anidentification signal when receiving power and which identificationsignal is transmitted from said first switch; and a first componenthaving multiple, different states, said first component beingcontrollable based on the identification signal transmitted from saidfirst switch to change from a first one of the states to a second one ofthe states only upon completion of an electrical circuit including saiddevice and said first switch upon developing reactive coupling betweenthe human and said conductive surface while said device is generatingthe signal, whereby the electrical circuit is not completed unless thepart of the human is in proximity to or in contact with said conductivesurface.
 2. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said first switchincludes a capacitor that is charged by the completion of the electricalcircuit including said device and said first switch upon developingreactive coupling between the human and said conductive surface whilesaid device is generating the signal such that the reactive coupling isa capacitive coupling and said conductive surface is configured toenable proximity or contact of the part of the human to said conductivesurface to develop the capacitive coupling between the human and saidconductive surface while said device is generating the signal.
 3. Thearrangement of claim 1, wherein said device comprises: a first set of atleast one antenna; and at least one control unit coupled to said firstset of at least one antenna and configured to direct said at least oneantenna in said first set of at least one antenna to cause the signal tobe generated.
 4. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said conductivesurface is exposed and configured to enable contact of the part of thehuman with said conductive surface to develop the reactive couplingbetween the human and said conductive surface.
 5. The arrangement ofclaim 1, further comprising material that covers said conductive surfaceand said conductive surface is configured to enable proximity of thepart of the human to said conductive surface to develop the reactivecoupling between the human and said conductive surface through saidmaterial.
 6. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said device comprisesan oscillator.
 7. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said devicecomprises: a first set of at least one antenna; a second set of at leastone antenna physically separated from all of said antennas in said firstset of at least one antenna; and at least one control unit coupled tosaid first and second sets of at least one antenna and configured todirect said at least one antenna in each of said first and second setsof at least one antenna to cause current to be conducted through thebody of the human.
 8. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said devicecomprises: a first set of at least one antenna; a second set of at leastone antenna physically separated from all of said antennas in said firstset of at least one antenna; and at least one control unit coupled tosaid first and second sets of at least one antenna and configured todirect said at least one antenna in each of said first and second setsof at least one antenna to cause the signal to be generated.
 9. Thearrangement of claim 8, wherein each of said antennas has a functionstate and a non-functioning state, said at least one control unit isconfigured to select at least one of said antennas to change from thenon-functioning state into the function state based on morphology of thehuman.
 10. The arrangement of claim 8, wherein each of said first andsecond sets of antennas is housed in a separate housing.
 11. Thearrangement of claim 8, wherein each of said first and second sets ofantennas comprises a plurality of antennas.
 12. The arrangement of claim1, further comprising a seat, said device being arranged in said seat.13. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said first component is avehicular component.
 14. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said firstcomponent is a door in a vehicle.
 15. The arrangement of claim 1,wherein said first component is a window in a vehicle.
 16. Thearrangement of claim 1, further comprising a transponder receiver thatreceives the identification signal transmitted from said first switch.17. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein said first component iscontrollable based on duration of a transmission of the identificationsignal from said first switch which is based on duration of the reactivecoupling between the human and said conductive surface while said deviceis generating the signal to thereby provide variable control of saidfirst component dependent on the duration of the proximity or contact ofthe part of the human to said conductive surface.
 18. The arrangement ofclaim 1, wherein said RFID transmits the identification signal throughthe body of the human when the part of the human is in proximity to orin contact with said conductive surface and the reactive couplingbetween the human and said conductive surface develops while said deviceis generating the signal.
 19. The arrangement of claim 1, furthercomprising: a second switch comprising: a conductive surface situated ina position accessible by the part of the human, said conductive surfacebeing configured to enable proximity or contact of the part of the humanto said conductive surface to develop a reactive coupling between thehuman and said conductive surface while said device is generating thesignal, and a radio frequency identification device (RFID) that receivespower only when the part of the human is in proximity to or in contactwith said conductive surface of said second switch while said device isgenerating the signal, and said RFID of said second switch generating anidentification signal when receiving power and which identificationsignal is transmitted from said second switch, the identification signalgenerated by said RFID of said second switch being different than theidentification signal generated by said RFID of said first switch; and asecond component having multiple, different states, said secondcomponent being controllable based on the identification signaltransmitted from said second switch to change from a first one of thestates to a second one of the states upon completion of an electricalcircuit including said device and said second switch upon developingreactive coupling between the human and said conductive surface of saidsecond switch while said device is generating the signal, said secondcomponent being different than said first component.
 20. A controlarrangement for controlling a plurality of components, each of thecomponents having multiple, different states, the arrangementcomprising: a device that generates a signal at a frequency that enablesthe signal to be conducted through a body of a human; and a plurality ofswitches, each of said switches comprising: a conductive surfacesituated in a position accessible by a part of the human, saidconductive surface being configured to enable proximity or contact ofthe part of the human to said conductive surface to develop a reactivecoupling between the human and said conductive surface while said deviceis generating the signal, and a radio frequency identification device(RFID) that receives power only when the part of the human is inproximity to or in contact with said conductive surface while saiddevice is generating the signal, and said RFID generating a uniqueidentification signal when receiving power and which identificationsignal is transmitted from said switch, whereby each of the componentsis controllable based on the identification signal transmitted from arespective one of said switches to change from a first one of the statesto a second one of the states upon completion of an electrical circuitincluding said device and said respective one of said switches upondeveloping reactive coupling between the human and said conductivesurface of said respective one of said switches while said device isgenerating the signal, the electrical circuit not being completed unlessthe part of the human is in proximity to or in contact with saidconductive surface of said respective one of said switches.